Geography Chapters

1. Continents and Oceans2. Biosphere3. Lithosphere4. Hydrosphere5. Atmosphere6. Latitudes and Longitudes7. Different Heat Zones of the Earth8. Longitudes and Time Zones9. International Date Line10. Motion of the Earth11. Effect of the Tilted Axis on Day and Night12. The Atmosphere (Composition and Layers)13. Weather and Climate14. Atmospheric Pressure15. Internal Structure of the Earth16. Rocks17. Earthquakes and Volcanoes18. Various Landforms (Mountains, Plateaus, Plains, Grasslands)19. Landforms Created by River System20. Landforms Created by Glacier21. Landforms Created by Wind22. Landforms Created by Groundwater23. The Indian Subcontinent Position, Extent, and Physical Features24. Climatic Diversity in the Indian Subcontinent25. Soil Resources of the Indian Subcontinent26. Agriculture in India27. Land Use Pattern of India28. Water Resources and Their Utilization in India29. Multipurpose River Valley Projects30. Transport in India31. Rivers of India

Rocks

“Rocks are solid aggregates of minerals that form the Earth's crust and are essential to geological processes.”

Definition

  • Rock: A naturally occurring solid mass composed of one or more minerals, mineraloids, or organic materials.

Types of Rocks

  • Igneous Rocks: Formed by the solidification of molten magma. e.g., Granite, Basalt
  • Sedimentary Rocks: Formed by the accumulation and compaction of sediments. e.g., Sandstone, Limestone
  • Metamorphic Rocks: Formed by the transformation of existing rocks under heat and pressure. e.g., Marble, Slate

Rock Cycle

The rock cycle is a continuous process by which rocks are formed, broken down, and transformed into different types. It includes:

  • Formation of Igneous rocks from magma.
  • Weathering and erosion produce sediments.
  • Compaction and cementation form Sedimentary rocks.
  • Heat and pressure transform rocks into Metamorphic rocks.
  • All types can melt into magma, restarting the cycle.

Classification Overview

Igneous

  • Formed from magma
  • Granite, Basalt
  • Crystalline texture
  • No fossils

Sedimentary

  • Formed by sediments
  • Sandstone, Limestone
  • May have fossils
  • Layered appearance

Metamorphic

  • Formed by heat & pressure
  • Marble, Slate
  • Dense and hard
  • May have foliated structure

Previous Year Questions

  • SSC CGL 2020: What are igneous rocks?
  • Rocks formed by the cooling of molten magma.
  • RRB NTPC 2019: Which rock contains fossils?
  • Sedimentary rocks
  • SSC CHSL 2018: Which is an example of metamorphic rock?
  • Marble
  • HSSC CET 2021: What is the rock cycle?
  • Continuous transformation of rocks from one form to another.
  • RRB ALP 2020: Which rock is formed by the cooling of lava?
  • Basalt
  • SSC MTS 2017: Which type of rock is formed by pressure and heat?
  • Metamorphic rocks
  • HSSC JE 2018: Limestone is an example of which rock?
  • Sedimentary rock
  • SSC GD 2019: What are the characteristics of igneous rocks?
  • Hard, crystalline, no fossils
  • RRB Group D 2018: Which rock is known for its layered structure?
  • Sedimentary rocks
  • SSC JE 2017: Which rock is used in sculpture and construction?
  • Marble
Note: The Solar System is dynamic and continuously studied using advanced space telescopes and missions like NASA’s Voyager and ESA’s Gaia.

Conclusion

The Solar System helps us understand Earth's place in the universe. From planets to comets, each celestial body plays a vital role in shaping the cosmos we live in.

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