Generation, Transmission and Distribution

Explore the complete journey of electrical energy from generation to the end user.

⚡ Power Generation

Thermal Power Plants: Use coal, gas, oil to heat water and produce steam to run turbines.
Hydro Power Plants: Utilize water head to rotate turbines.
Nuclear Power Plants: Use nuclear fission reactions to generate heat and produce steam.
Renewable Sources: Solar, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal.
Generated voltage typically: 11kV to 25kV

⚡ Power Transmission

Transfers bulk power over long distances using high voltage.
Transmission voltage levels: 132kV, 220kV, 400kV, 765kV.
Advantages of High Voltage: Reduces losses (I²R losses).
Uses Step-Up Transformers at generation end and Step-Down Transformers near load centers.
AC Transmission: Common and cost-effective.
HVDC: Used for very long distances and underwater cables.

⚡ Power Distribution

Delivers electricity from substations to end consumers.
Distribution voltage: 11kV stepped down to 400V/230V.
Primary Distribution: 11kV or 33kV → Secondary Distribution: 400V (3-phase) or 230V (1-phase).
Service Transformers: Step down voltage to consumer level.

⚡ Components Used

Generators – Convert mechanical energy to electrical.
Transformers – Step-up or step-down voltage.
Circuit Breakers & Isolators – Protection and maintenance.
Transmission Lines – Overhead (AC), Underground (mostly for urban)
Distribution Boards, Meters – Monitor and control power.

📘 Previous Year Questions

Q: Why is electricity transmitted at high voltage?
Ans: To reduce I²R losses and improve efficiency.
Q: Which transformer is used at power station end?
Ans: Step-Up Transformer.
Q: What is the typical voltage for distribution to homes?
Ans: 230V (single-phase) or 400V (three-phase).
Q: Name two renewable sources of energy.
Ans: Solar and Wind Energy.